Select Native Plants and Their Uses

SEA BLITE

There are three types of Suaeda (Sea-Blite) that can be found near UCSD: one at the Scripps Coastal Reserve and two at Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve. Suaeda taxifolia (Wolly Sea-Blite, pictured on the right) and Suaeda esteroa (Estuary Sea-Blite), found at Torrey Pines, are endemic to California and Baja California. Suaeda californica (California Sea-Blite, pictured on the left) is endemic to the coast of Southern California. Of these three plants, only Suaeda taxifolia is not endangered. Different species of Suaeda were used by Native Americans in order to make the black pattens in woven baskets. The entire plant was added to boiled water and steeped in order to extract the potent dye. Sea blite can be boiled or steamed; it is known to be a tasty warm salad when hard boiled eggs are added.

MILKWEED

There are two types of milkweed species in La Jolla (although seven species of Asclepias are native to San Diego). First, Sarcostemma cynanchoides (climbing milkweed) is native to California and can be found throughout western North America. (Photo shown on the right by Max Licher, taken from swbiodiversity.org.) In La Jolla, it can be found at Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve. At Scrips Coastal Reserve, Asclepias fascicularis (narrowleaf milkweed) is the host to Monarch caterpillars during the summer. (Shown on left from www.calfloranursery.com.) Asclepias fascicularis, Asclepias erosa, and Ascelpias eriocarpa are species of milkweed found in San Diego that were used by Native Americans for chewing gum. The juice found inside the milkweed stem was heated until it became solid and then animal fat or grease was added so the gum would last longer. Asclepias fascicularis and Ascelpias eriocarpa supplied tough fibers which were used to make cord and rope. Ascelpias eriocarpa was used by natives in Mendocino County (just north of Sonoma County in Northern California) as a lotion to make the patterns for tattoos. The lotion would hold the pigment together was the ink was inserted into the skin.

AGAVE

Agave Shawii, also known as Shaw's Agave, coastal agave, or Coastal Century Plant, only grows in California in San Diego and San Bernardino counties and can be found at Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve. This plant is on the California Native Plant Society's list on endangered species. The common name Coastal Century Plant is a misnomer; at age fifteen or older, the plant will finally bloom. The flower's stalk ranges from fifteen to forty feet tall. The plant then dies leaving vegetative offsets (suckers) after flowering. Clones form colonies that may persist for centuries or longer. Therefore the plant does not live for a century, but its clones can thrive in the same spot for a hundred years if its environment permits. (A clone is a genetically identical individual that originated from a single original seed.) Indian women used Shaw's Agave charcoal for tattoos. And my personal favorite use for this plant... Shaw's Agave flowers are used to make pulque, which is fermented and used to make tequila! Many landscapers use agave, so you may think you recognize the plant pictured to the left in your neighbor's yard. Most landscaping agave plants, however, are agave americana, pictured to the right.

Yucca schidigera, Mohave yucca, can be found at Scripps Coastal Reserve and Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve (see photo, taken from scientific-web.com). This species is much more widespread than Agave Shawii, thriving in the Mojave and Sonoran deserts, Baja California, southern Nevada, and western Arizona. This plant is pollinated by the species Tegeticula yuccasella. (Photo by Gilbert S. Grant, taken from Science Photo Library.) This specific moth is genetically programmed to pollinate the stigma of each flower on the Mohave yucca. Like fig wasps, the relationship is mutually beneficial. Thus, if either the Yucca schidigera or the Tegeticula yuccasella went extinct, so would its partner. Natives ground its fruits into a meal and also ate it raw and cooked. Fruit was gathered in April or May and roasted. Roots were scraped for their shavings and used as a washing aid. Whole leaves were used to secure beams in homes. Fiber was extracted from dry leaves by beating and from fresh leaves after soaking. The fibers were then used to make rope, baskets, bowstrings, and body paint brushes. Yucca 'wood' has a very low ignition temperature, making it ideal for fire-starting. Today Yucca schidigera extract can be used for fertilizer and has exceptional results for plants in harsh growing conditions. Researchers have decreased human's blood cholesterol and therefore heart disease with Mojave yucca extract. It is also used in animal feed to improve the health conditions of farm animals and pets by reducing the emission of odor and ammonia; an experiment published in Animal Feed Science and Technology (issue 129) proved that Yucca schidigera extract can reduce methane emissions in slaughterhouses up to 42%. This is extremely important because Methane is responsible for nearly as much global warming as all other non-carbon dioxide (CO2) greenhouse gases put together, as it is twenty one times more powerful a greenhouse gas than CO2.

LEMONADE BERRY

Rhus integrifolia, or lemonade berry, thrives on ocean bluffs and canyons from Santa Barbara to Baja California and inland to western Riverside county. (Photo taken from the San Diego Natural History Museum website.) This bush-like plant can be found at both Scripps Coastal Reserve and Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve. After the flowers bloom (February to March), the berries begins to grow. Indians dried these berries for use during the fall and winter; then they would soak them in water and heat them for a form of hot pink lemonade! The pulp was sucked for its juice and the berries were enjoyed as tart snacks.The Cahuillas, natives living throughout Southern California 2000 years ago, boiled leaves to make a tea for treating coughs and colds. The berries can still be used to make lemonade if soaked in water and strained.

BARREL CACTUS

There are two species of Barrel Cacti found near UCSD: Ferocactus viridescens var. viridescens, Coast Barrel Cactus is found near UCSD at Scripps Coastal Reserve and Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve. Ferocactus acanthodes, Compass Barrel Cactus, can be found at Scripps Coastal Reserve. Coast Barrel Cacti (pictured right) are listed on the California Native Plant Society's list of endangered species, mostly because of land development; it is only found on coastal bluffs. The oldest barrel cacti are thought to be thirty years old and can grow up to six feet tall. The Compass Barrel Cactus (pictured left) is appropriately named because mature plants tilt to the south. Compass Barrel Cacti were used as ovens by natives. The top of the cactus was removed and the inside hollowed out (the inside is filled with tissue - not water). The remaining cactus was used as an baking oven by placing hot rocks inside it and replacing the top of the cactus. The Cahuillas removed the base of the flower buds and broiled them before consumption. The spines were used as awls (for making holes in leather).

Nevermore... Will you mistake a Raven from a Crow!

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore,
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my... ceiling?


If you've ever studied next to the windows on the higher floors of Geisel (or tried to take a mid-day nap while pretending to study), you may have heard scuttling above or below you. Look out the window. See anything unusual?

A raven's nest on an upper floor of Geisel, as viewed from below.

UCSD's citizens of the sky include a variety of birds including gulls, wrens, sparrows, ravens and most infamously of all the blackbird. (Come springtime, if you don't already know what I mean by "infamous", you will-- Price Center bird will have it's revenge!). But then there are those larger black birds that you often hear cawing from lamp posts and oddly enough, the ledges of Geisel. Are they crows or ravens? There's an easy way to distinguish and identify between the two if you have some patience and a good eye. Binoculars are always a plus.

"I see you. You're totally on Facebook right now."

Here is a chart with key differences between ravens and crows and features you can look out for when trying to identify your big black birds

Feature	Ravens	Crows
Wingspan	3.5-4 feet on average	2.5 feet on average
Body size	24-27 inches from head to tail Approximately 40 ounces in weight	17 inches from head to tail, on average Approximately 20 ounces in weight
Coloration	Highly glossed plumage showing iridescent greens, blues, and purples	Feathers with iridescent purple and blue, but with less sheen than the raven
Tail shape	Tail tapers off to a point, much like a diamond.	Tail is wider and more fan-shaped
Call sound	Lower in tone, more gutteral "Awk!"	Higher pitched, "Caw!"

* Research cited from the University of Washington

These physical features are especially easy to distinguish during flight when the wings are extended away from the body and the tail is being used for steering and balance. Ravens also are capable of aerial somersaults while in flight!

A raven outside of the Geisel Library dock.

Here's a video of a raven calling from a tree in Marshall College:

Until next time... "The wilderness must be explored! CAW CAW! RAWR!" :)

The Adventures of Bug Girl

Last spring, Nicole and I took Ecology Lab (BIEB 121-- now being offered Spring, Summer, and Fall 2011!) with Dr. Heather Henter. Part of the course involved creating an insect collection with different orders of insects that we can find locally. At first, I was a bit squeamish about the whole process-- chasing, catching, terminating, preserving and pinning BUGS... not my idea of a good time spent in Sunny San Diego. But by the end of the quarter, I really began to appreciate the complexities of such tiny organisms that we swat away idly every day. This last summer I had the opportunity to go to the Sonoran Desert in Mexico with Dr. Therese Markow for an advanced field ecology lab and was further wowed by the biodiversity that exists in the insect world.

Finally, in the fall, I took Insect Ecology with Dr. David Holway. More insects, more cool and fascinating life histories, more insect collecting-- but this time it was all in digital. Here I present to you my findings from fall quarter-- all found around UCSD.

Grasshopper (Nymph) Katydid	Order: Orthoptera Common name: Grasshopper (top), Katydid (bottom) How do I know if something I find is an orthoptera? Large, strong hindlegs for jumping Acoustic communication This order is often nocturnal and are known for their "singing" as a way to attract mates and establish territory. Other well-known members of this order are locusts and crickets.
	Order: Hemiptera Common name: Harlequin Bug How do I know if something I find is a hemiptera? Piercing, needle-like mouthparts Wings create an X-shape when folded across the back This order has an exceptionally diverse number of individual species. Other well-known members of this order are also aphids, mealy bugs, cochineal, and cicadas.
	Order: Lepidoptera Common name: Moth How do I know that something I find is a lepidoptera? Scale-like setae on the wings (looks kind of like dust or fine glitter) Long, curled mouth part called a proboscis This order is comprised only of butterflies and moths, who are often either diurnal (butterflies) or nocturnal (moths).
	Order: Blattodea termitoidae Common name: Termite How do I know that something I find is a blattodea? Hard, sclerotrized plate extending from abdomen past the base of the head The order was recently created as a combination of the previous isoptera and blattodea orders after researchers found that termites were very closely related to wood-eating cockroaches. Other well-known members of this order are cockroaches.
	Order: Phthriaptera Common name: Thrip How do I know that something I find is a phthriptera? 3-component mouthparts designed for biting and sucking Almost every flower contains thrips. Just gently shake a flower over a piece of paper to dislodge the thrips and watch carefully. :)

There are many, many, MANY more insects to be found around the UCSD campus and its natural reserves-- this is just a small sampling of some particularly common orders and individuals. Happy Hunting!

The One and Only Torrey Pine

Around campus, every other street is named either 'blah-dah-blah La Jolla' or 'something-or-other Torrey Pine'. Torrey Pines is also a famous golf course, a State Reserve, a high school, a research institute, a bank, etc. Why are all these places named Torrey Pine?! The Torrey Pine is the rarest pine in the United States and the only location it can be found naturally (on the mainland) is a small area in Del Mar and La Jolla. It is also found on one of the Channel Islands, Santa Rosa, off the coast of Santa Barbara. The Torrey Pine (Pinus torreyana) has two varieties. Pinus torreyana var. torreyana our local Torrey Pine and Pinus torreyana var. insularis is the scientific name for the island Torrey Pine.

If you look around campus now, you will notice many trees at entrances of colleges and the university itself have yellow blossoms that look like the picture to the right. Torrey Pines bloom in late January and early February. The yellow buds are the male 'strobili', the fancy name for flower, sheds a mist of yellow pollen. The pollen coats the female strobili, which looks like a miniature red cone. The mature version is pictured above to the left. These specific pine cones take three years to fully grow, unlike most other pines whose cones develop in two years. Yes, that means that the cones that you see on Torrey Pines are three years old. Even though pine cones are still fun to play soccer with on the way to class, keep in mind that these beauties did not form overnight.

An easy way to identify a Torrey Pine when it is not blossoming is to count the needles in each cluster. The Torrey Pine is the only native tree in the area with five needles. Other pines with five clusters are White Pines, Pinus strobus, native to the east coast. The closest native five needled tree to La Jolla is the False White Pine, pinus pseudostrobus, endemic to Mexico.

All pine nuts are edible, although many are extremely hard. The Torrey Pine's nut was an important source of food for the Kumeyaay tribe, the original inhabitants of this area.

One last note about Torrey Pines. Torrey Pines State Reserve is located on the cliffs. The soil in these areas is sandy and often times rocks cover the area in which these pines grow. How are Torrey Pines able to survive here? They have amazing root systems. By the time it is forty feet high, the root system extends five times that! Roots travel through tiny cracks in bedrock and find the little amount of nutrients it can. Although these roots usually prevent landslide, erosion has occurred from Torrey Pines. If roots are at the edge of a cliff, growing roots' movement over time can cause a minor landslide. If you see trees hanging upside-down, you now know how this happened!

Story Book Tree

In my opinion, this is the trippiest and coolest tree on campus. It looks like it came right out of a Dr. Seuss book doesn’t it? This tree is a Bunya Pine, or Araucaria bidwillii, but it is a bit of a misnomer as the tree is not actually a pine. Take a look at the leaves. They alternate and are compound and waxy with an entire margin and a sharp spiny tip. (All pines have needles in clusters.) Is there anything on the waxy leaves? If you see specs, these are whitefly larvae (pictured on the left). So, yes, if you rubbed the leaves and have specs on your fingers–Congrats- you have found the larvae. The leaves contain juices that the whitefly larvae consume.

Most of the trees on campus have trunk bark in a vertical formation, but this tree has rough, horizontal (and sappy!) bark. You have probably noticed the extremely sharp cone (see photo on the right). This is the male cone. Female cones are produced every three years. These cones are some of the largest of conifers, growing around twelve inches long and weighing around eight pounds! UCSD Facillity Management actually has to put yellow caution tape around the tree when these babies are produced! The large cones contain edible nuts, which was actually an important food source for those indigenous of Queensland, Australian, who harvested the nuts every few years and buried them in mud.

Next time you wander by the new Student Servies Complex, take a look at this unusual tree.

Color Me Carmine!

Happy February, everyone! We've entered the month of Groundhog Day, the Lunar New Year (which is right now, for those that didn't know), the Superbowl and that dastardly day of Hallmark Holidays, Valentine's Day. Now, as far as traditional garb for Groundhog Day goes, I'm unsure of what one wears for those festivities. Superbowl fans sometimes paint their faces and wear team jerseys and colors. (What do I know about football? Hardly anything, to be honest.)

Nevertheless, I do know for sure that concerning the Lunar New Year and Valentine's Day, the color red plays a very prominent role in both holidays. In Chinese and Vietnamese cultures, the color red represents good luck and good fortune. Western cultures associate red with passion, love, and romance-- and on Valentine's Day, plenty of red and pink can be found. Additionally, in many historic cultures the world over, red garments were reserved for royals and the wealthy upper classes that could afford this lavish color.

The Scarlet Mantle of King Ferdinand I of Austria.
(Those royals really knew how to class up an affair!)

Why so much emphasis on the color red? What made it so valuable that it became a symbol of wealth, power, and luxury? The answer lies in the tiny bodies of some very interesting insects called cochineal.

The white fuzz that you see is a protective web-like coating that cochineal produce.

Cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) are members of the hemiptera order of insects-- the same order as mealy bugs and aphids. Like other members of the hemipteran order, they possess piercing mouthparts designed to suck liquids from the plants that they infest. In the case of cochineal, the plants of choice are specific varieties of prickly-pear cactus that native to Mexico, Chile, Bolivia, the Canary Islands, and Peru. Above, you see a pad from a prickly-pear cactus that we found in the UCSD Ecological Reserve, located just north of the Geisel Library.

A cluster of female cochineal. Male cochineal, which are winged, do not exhibit the same morphism or even life cycle.

Female cochineal live fairly sessile lives with their needle-like mouthparts constantly inserted into the fleshy surfaces of cacti, feeding and waiting to be mated with. Male cochineal, on the other hand, have a very different lifecycle from the females. Like many members of the insect class, cochineal develop overtime in stages of growth and molting. In the final phase of development, they develop functioning sexual organs and in the case of the males, wings. The newly developed adult males then fly from female to female, trying to mate with as many as possible before they die, a week after this final molt. Even food does not distract them from this mission, as in their final stage of life, the males no longer have mouthparts. A doomed, yet genetically productive adulthood, indeed!

WARNING: SLIGHTLY GRAPHIC BUG SQUISHING!

(But it gets the point across.)

Really, we would have avoided this if we could. But all in the name of science...

In ancient times, the indigenous tribes of these regions would cultivate the insects on the cacti and collect, dry, and harvest them for carminic acid, a deep red internal secretion that makes up almost a quarter of a dried cochineal's body weight.

"Indian Collecting Cochineal with a Deer Tail" from Memoria sobre la naturaleza, cultivo, y beneficio de la grana

Once the Europeans set foot in the Americas and saw that the natives had an efficient way of procuring red pigments for clothing and other accessories-- most importantly, one that did not fade over time-- the Europeans (especially the Spaniards) tried to bring pricky-pear back to Europe for cochineal cultivation. In the temperate climates of Europe, however, it was difficult to grow pricky-pear and a the development of a successful business in carmine dye eluded the Europeans for three centuries. Reliant on trade from the New World, carmine dye became a valuable commodity and thus, only the wealthy and royal could afford to have their clothes dyed this deep, rare color. 

Ok. So, historically, rich people, kings, and indigenous folks got their scarlet garb by squishing bugs and using their insides. Gross and awesome. But why is this relevant now in an age of synthetic dyes? Well believe it or not, we still use cochineal-derived dyes today! Next time you buy clothes, make-up, and even some food items, look for these names in the ingredients:

• Cochineal
• Crimson Lake
• Natural Red #40
• C.I. 75470
• E120

So, next time you're walking past Geisel Library towards Hopkins Parking and you spot some pricky-pear on the side of the road with suspicious white fuzz growing on the surface... proceed with caution and mindfulness. :)

What? You expect me to endorse the needless squishing of really awesome bugs? No way!

Happy Groundhog Day, Happy New Year, Happy Superbowl, and Happy Valentine's Day!

Who Is Scripps?

Ever wonder just who Scripps is, whose name is all over buildings in San Diego? Wonder no more!

Let’s begin with the institute with the top doctoral program in the United States, Scripps Institute of Oceanography! (If you don’t believe me, check out this article released less than five months ago - scrippsnews.ucsd.edu)

Photo courtesy of Phillip Colla

The first director of Scripps Institute of Oceanography was a Professor of the Department of Zoology at the University of California at Berkeley, William E. Ritter. Ritter came to San Diego for a research project on the animal life in the Pacific Ocean and the first building was constructed by the Marine Biological Association of San Diego. Two sibling subscribers of the Association and close friends of Ritter, Ellen Browning Scripps and Edward Wills Scripps, donated generous funds for construction and 170 acres to the Association. In 1912, the facility became Scripps Institution for Biological Sciences and then thirteen years later became Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California. In 1957, Regents approved the establishment to become part of the University of California at San Diego. Today Ritter Hall contains labs, offices, and conference rooms for various oceanic researchers.

The original Scripps Pier was finished in 1916 and was used for obtaining clean sea water for the aquarium and for the research labs. Ellen Scripps provided the funds for this project. The pier was completely replaced in 1988; an additional 84 feet was added, making it 1,084 feet long. It became known as the Ellen Browning Scripps Memorial Pier and her grand-niece, Ellen Clark Revelle, gave Ellen Scripps’ biography at the dedication ceremony. (By the way, Ellen Clark Revelle was global warming scientist Roger Randall Dougan Revelle’s wife.) The Scripps Memorial Pier is solely used for research. Data on oceanic conditions and plankton have been taken since 1916 and French naval officer, explorer, ecologist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author, and researcher, Jacques Cousteau’s vessel, among many others, has been lowered from this pier.

Image courtesy of SIO

Something I always wondered was 'how did this Scripps person become so wealthy'? Let’s back up and tell that story. After graduating college in Illinois, Ellen Scripps taught before working with her brother (James) on the newspaper he founded- the Detroit Evening News. She invested her savings in this newspaper and eventually it became one of the most popular in the country. She then helped her half brother, E. W. Scripps, found other newspapers with her personal savings. As these enterprises grew, so did her wealth.

The Children's Pool at La Jolla Cove

Ellen spent the last thirty-five years of her life in La Jolla. Because she often donated anonymously, the exact endowment is unknown, but it was well into the millions. The donated money didn’t all come from her wise business practices; she obtained a large sum from her brother George’s will. She cared greatly in benefitting humanity and therefore funded wherever she saw fit.

Plans for the Scripps Memorial Hospital began while Ellen was recovering from a broken hip. She dedicated this facility to her sister, Annie. Meanwhile, one of Ellen’s doctors proposed a research facility to study diabetes in response to the discovery of insulin. Consequently, the Scripps Research Institute was completed in 1924. The founder-director, Dr. James Winn, was the first doctor to use insulin in the United States.

Other contributions from Ellen Scripps include The Bishop’s School, the North Grove and estuary of Torrey Pines State Reserve, La Jolla Precinct, La Jolla Recreation Center, the original aquarium at Scripps, the football field and stadium at La Jolla High School, Scripps Park, Scripps Aviary at the San Diego Zoo, Scripps College in Claremont, California, Scripps Cottage at San Diego State University, and the Children’s Pool at La Jolla Cove. Ellen’s home was bought and remodeled in 1939 and is now the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego.

The Museum of Contemporary Art

The MCA in La Jolla is temporarily closed but is scheduled to reopen on Feb. 5, 2011. In case you didn’t know, admission for all students under 26 years are FREE! The address is 700 Prospect Street. Also, don’t forget to check out Birch Aquarium and all the tours they offer!